Public health concerns mainly focus on the bacteria neisseria meningitidis, as it can cause largescale epidemics. You get it when a virus enters the body through the nose or mouth and travels to the brain. The laboratory plays a crucial role in diagnosing this devastating disease. Antibiotic should be modi ed according to the sensitivity pro le if an. Alice prince bacterial meningitis 1 definition meningitis inflammation of the meninges due to bacterial infection membranes around the brain and cns not parenchymal not to. Lecture notes for medical laboratory technology students medical bacteriology abilo tadesse meseret alem university of gondar in collaboration with the ethiopia public health training initiative, the carter center. This lecture will concentrate on the bacterial stds gonorrhea and chlamydia syphilis is covered in a separate lecture. Chapter 7 identification and characterization of neisseria meningitidis. Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal infection and inflammation of the membranes covering your spinal cord and brain. The viral stds hsv and hpv are included here so that we can discuss all the major stds, but they are covered in more detail elsewhere.
Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal infection and inflammation of. Caused by viral or bacterial infection viral meningitis is less severe and will clear up with speci. It is not known why one person gets meningitis when others exposed to the same germs do not get as sick, or dont get sick at all. The diagnosis of meningitis ultimately rests on csf findings. Meningitis meninjietiss is an infection of the meninges meninjeez. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Most children with viral meningitis recover completely.
By identifying the causative organism and determining antimicrobial susceptibility. Presently, it is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and meningococcemia in children and young adults. Sometimes funguses, cancers, head injuries or other factors can cause meningitis, but cases from these sources are rare. Guidelines for the management of acute meningitis in. Microbiology lectures meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. These viruses are found in the throat and feces stool of infected people. Listeria monocytogenes class notes phr 150 linda j. Csf testing for diagnostic and surveillance purposes. All confirmed and probable cases are notifiable at the national level. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. It initiates invasion by penetrating the airway epithelial surface. Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis in the uk, but bacterial meningitis continues to be important, with a high mortality. Meningitis can be caused by infection from viruses and bacteria germs. In general, meningitis caused by a virus is less serious than meningitis caused by bacteria.
In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. There should be a low threshold for suspecting acute meningitis, which is a medical emergency and antibiotics. Invasive, toxigenic streptococci cause joint or bone infections, and myositis, meningitis and endocarditis, bacteremia. Chapter 7 identification and characterization of neisseria. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness.
Tropical medicine is a comprehensive introduction to tropical medicine. Fever, severe and constant headache, stiff neck or neck pain, nausea and vomiting, and rash can all be signs of meningitis. Lecture notes for nursing students pediatric nursing and health care teklebrhan tema tsegaye asres jimma university in collaboration with the ethiopia public health training initiative, the carter center. The peripheral white blood cell count alone is not help. These germs usually cause everyday illness, such as an ear infection or pneumonia. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Patients diagnosed with meningitis syndrome may all exhibit similar symptoms i. Viral aseptic meningitis is a serious, but not usually fatal with people with healthy immune systems. Grey matter a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons, glial cells astroglia and. Minimum effective concentrations are those needed to inhibit growth. Meningitis sorokhan md, phd bukovinian state medical university. Meningococcal disease is caused by neisseria meningitidis. Unequivocal descriptions of meningitis date to the seventeenth century, 1 and tuberculous meningitis and syphilitic meningitis have been known as discreet entities for nearly as long.
Meningitis is an infection of the tissue called the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Viral meningitis, also called aseptic meningitis, is much more common than bacterial meningitis. Meningitis powerpoint 2009 warren hills regional school. Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The average annual incidence per 1,00,000 children of hib meningitis was 4. However, it is important to note, that a normal ct brain does not.
Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. Meningitis describes inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Epidemiology prevalence seizures occur in approximately 1% of all children up to the age of 14 years. Introduction to laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis. Practice guidelines for bacterial meningitis cid 2004. Princes lecture notes are available in the printed syllabus but not electronically. Infections are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world e. It can grow on both a blood agar plate bap and a chocolate agar plate cap. Some children with meningitis may have longterm problems, but this depends on the cause of the infection and the age of the child. Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges in the brain or spinal cord that is most commonly viral or bacterial in origin, although fungal, parasitic, a.
Successful antimicrobial therapy occurs when an effective concentration of drug is delivered to the site of infection for a sufficient period of time. Meningitis has long been known as a clinical disorder. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the lining surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. A yellowish color xanthochromic is due to breakdown of red cells or an increased amount of protein. Clinical features are poor discriminators for meningitis, so urgent investigations, starting with lumbar puncture, are key. Memorial library and lecture halls on the auckland. Oral and injectable quinolones have been used successfully in meningococcal meningitis, but their effect in h. Meningitis knowledge for medical students and physicians amboss. Yale section of infectious diseases cme didactic lecture series 20192020. Hence, clinical syndromic surveillance must be complemented by. A group of viruses called enteroviruses is the most common cause of viral meningitis.
The new edition is in full colour throughout with over 40 colour images integrated with the text. Greatest in first year of life 120 cases per 100,000 population. Meningitis causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. There is a new chapter on syndromes of undernutrition in both children and adults, and the section on noncommunicable diseases has been extended to include mental health problems in the tropics. Staff should consider themselves exposed to bacterial meningitis only if they have had direct contact with respiratory secretions of the infected person on.
Pharmacologic principles of antimicrobial therapy i. Start a free trial of quizlet plus by thanksgiving lock in 50% off all year try it free. Meningitis is inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges. Most patients do not need brain imaging before lumbar puncture. Meningococcal meningitis and sepsis guidance notes diagnosis and treatment in general practice 2018 edition uk. This course provides a general introduction to meningitis and is intended for incident managers and personnel working for the united nations, international organizations and ngos. In classic bacterial meningitis, the csf is cloudy, due to neutrophils, the protein is elevated, and the glucose is low. If a typical nonblanching rash is absent in a feverish or ill child, it is important to look for early signs of sepsis and signs of meningitis. Meningitis sorokhan md, phd bukovinian state medical university department of the infectious diseases and epidemiology 2.
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